The Flat Face Flange has a gasket surface in the same plane as the bolting circle face. Applications using flat face flanges are frequently those in which the mating flange or flanged fitting is made from a casting.
Flat face flanges are never to be bolted to a Raised Face Flange. ASME B31.1 says that when connecting flat face cast iron flanges to carbon steel flanges, the raised face on the carbon Steel Flange must be removed, and that a full face gasket is required. This is to keep the thin, bittle cast iron flange from being sprung into the gap caused by the raised face of the carbon steel flange.
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Since nearly 50% of the world's carbon emissions come from the power and heat production sectors, saving electricity and reducing carbon emissions is an important way to save energy and reduce emissions. At present, the electricity consumption of the whole society in China continues to rise. In 2010, the total electricity consumption of the whole society was 4.19 trillion kWh, an increase of 14.56 over the previous year. From January to November 2011, it was 4.28 trillion kWh, an increase of 11.85 over the same period of last year. Electrical energy is an important part of completing energy conservation and emission reduction work.
On the morning of November 4th, 2011, the press conference on the phase-out of incandescent lamps in China was held in Beijing. At the press conference, the National Development and Reform Commission introduced the "Announcement on the gradual prohibition on the import and sale of ordinary lighting incandescent lamps" jointly issued by the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Commerce, the General Administration of Customs, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce and the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine. It is decided to gradually import and sell ordinary lighting incandescent lamps in stages according to the power level from October 1, 2012.
According to the National Development and Reform Commission, China's lighting power accounts for about 12 of the total electricity consumption of the whole society, while energy-saving lamps save 60 to 80 energy compared with incandescent lamps. Through the implementation of the road map, China is expected to achieve annual energy saving of 48 billion kWh and annual reduction. The carbon dioxide emissions are 48 million tons. The phasing out of incandescent lamps is of great significance for promoting the optimization and upgrading of China's lighting industry, promoting the goal of energy conservation and emission reduction in the 12th Five-Year Plan, and actively responding to global climate change.
LED (Light-Emitting-Diode) is a semiconductor that converts electrical energy into light energy. It changes the principle of incandescent tungsten filament illumination and energy-saving lamp trichromatic toner illumination, and uses electric field illumination.
As the fourth generation light source, LED is the new light source with the most development potential in the new century. Its various features are in full compliance with the requirements of green lighting, and it is the most ideal green lighting product. The so-called green lighting refers to the use of scientific lighting design, the use of high efficiency, long life, safety and stable performance of lighting electrical products (including light sources, electrical accessories, wiring equipment and dimming control equipment, etc.), and ultimately achieve environmental protection, An efficient, comfortable, safe, and economical lighting system that benefits the environment and enhances visual comfort.
In fact, LED lighting is more than just a product, but a system, a productivity. Its scientific, safe and economical industrial lighting can not only meet the special environmental requirements of industrial production, but also reduce energy consumption. Moreover, the comfortable visual environment can reduce the worker's visual fatigue rate, error rate, and even the probability of accidents, improve production efficiency, and ultimately achieve the goal of energy saving, value-added, and efficiency improvement, and enhance corporate social responsibility.
September 02, 2024