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[ China Agricultural Machinery Industry News ] At present, countries with better development of agricultural cooperatives in the world include Germany, Britain, New Zealand, the United States, France and Japan. This paper selects Germany, the United Kingdom and New Zealand for analysis to explore the successful experience of agricultural cooperative development.
All three countries have completed the transition from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture, which is consistent with China's modern agricultural development goals of improving agricultural comprehensive production capacity and agricultural competitiveness. Among them, 75% of New Zealand's total area is mountainous and hilly, and its natural environment and climate are similar to those of southwestern China, which has a strong reference for the development of agricultural and agricultural cooperatives in southwestern China.
Exploring the successful experience of foreign agricultural cooperative development
1. Germany
Germany is one of the birthplaces of the World Cooperative Organization. In the first half of the 19th century, in the context of social and industrial changes, Rifle Eisen founded a credit cooperative in the countryside and established the German Early Agricultural Cooperative, also known as the Rifle Eisen Cooperative. In 1948, the Laifu Essen Association was formally established, mainly engaged in the acquisition, processing and marketing of agricultural products. At the beginning of the 20th century, the association developed rapidly and expanded to other European countries, which effectively promoted the development of the world agricultural cooperatives.
Today, agricultural cooperatives, as the main agricultural organizations in rural Germany, provide farmers with services in all aspects of agricultural production and play an important role in the development of agricultural economy. In 2006, there were 3,188 agricultural cooperatives in Germany, of which about 2,200 were engaged in agricultural trade, credit and other services, and one in the national alliance; about 80% of the farmers participated in agricultural cooperatives, and the total number of cooperative employees was 2.2 million; The marketization of various types of agricultural cooperatives is very high. The market share of meat, cereals and vegetables and dairy products accounts for 30%, 50% and 75% respectively, and the sales revenue totals 38.3 billion euros, which is higher than the total sales in 1970. Income growth was 119% [1]. Agricultural cooperatives have effectively improved the degree of organization of agricultural production and management, promoted the scale of scale and specialization, and promoted the development of German agricultural economy. The advanced experience of German agricultural cooperatives has the following aspects.
(1) The laws and regulations of cooperatives are perfect. In order to regulate the development of cooperatives, Germany enacted the laws of the world's upper cooperatives in 1867. In 1889, Germany re-enacted the Law on Industrial and Commercial Cooperatives and Economic Cooperatives on the basis of the previous laws. Since then, it has undergone several revisions and has been in use ever since. The Cooperatives Law specifies the legal status, membership, organization, legal responsibility, contribution of members, surplus distribution, membership and responsibility, and dissolution and liquidation of cooperatives [2]. The continuous improvement of the cooperative law provides legal protection for the diversified development of German cooperatives.
(2) Financial support policy. Every year, the German government allocates fixed financial funds to support the activities of cooperatives, providing them with economic policies such as discount loans and tax reductions. Cooperatives and agricultural enterprises do not have to pay business tax and motor vehicle tax. Corporate tax on agricultural machinery leasing and agricultural consulting services can be exempted. Cooperatives are exempt from income tax on investment in after-tax profits. For the newly established agricultural cooperatives to provide entrepreneurship funding within 5 years and investment subsidies within 7 years, the amount of funding can reach 25% of the total investment. In addition, the government's series of financial input and tax reduction and exemption policies have provided financial support for the growth of German agricultural cooperatives and promoted the large-scale development of cooperatives.
(3) Flexible land system. The German government uses laws and regulations, credit, subsidies and other economic means to guide the free flow of farmers' land and expand the scale of the farm. In the 1960s, the German government stipulated that farmers who rented land for more than 12 years had a certain amount of financial rewards per hectare. The flexible land system has effectively promoted the integration of farmland and expanded the scale of the farm. In 2004, only Bavaria, the farms with a scale of 50hm2 or more accounted for 39.8% of the total farms, and the above 100hm2 accounted for 13.19%. The scale of land has promoted large-scale agricultural production and increased agricultural labor productivity. Germany's total grain output ranks second in the EU, and its output per unit area ranks fifth in the EU. The perfect land transfer system has laid a solid foundation for promoting the development of specialized agricultural cooperatives.
(4) Perfect rural financial services. Germany's cooperative financial organizations are widely distributed and have a sound management system, which plays an important role in the development of German agricultural cooperatives. Germany's agricultural credit policy provides preferential treatment to farmers through credit and direct subsidies. In 2014, the German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture budgeted a total of 5.3 billion euros, of which expenditures for agricultural subsidies were 2 billion marks, accounting for 37.7%. Most of the agricultural investment is medium and long-term loans. The time is generally 12 years, and the interest rate is 2% to 5%, which is far below the market interest rate.
2. United Kingdom
In 1844, the British Rohdale Fair Pioneer Consumer Cooperative, established in the industrial town of Roxdale in the northern part of the industrial city of Manchester, became a British cooperative. In 1867, Glinin, a member of the Roxdale Fair Pioneer, formed a federation of agriculture and fruit trees to sell fertilizers and feeds and became an early agricultural cooperative in the UK. After more than 100 years of development, the scale has continued to expand. At the end of 2011, the number of cooperatives reached 5,933, with 13.5 million members, annual sales of 35.86 billion pounds (1 pound is about 9.22 yuan, 2016), involving 11 industries including dairy products, cattle, sheep and land. In each of the rural communities and urban centers, providing technical services to farmers, it also provides information on legal aid, planting and breeding planning, tax assistance, marketing strategies, agricultural technology promotion, and industry information exchange. The advanced experience of the British Agricultural Cooperative has the following aspects.
(1) Enhance cooperation between various industries of agriculture, industry and commerce. The UK government encourages cooperation between agriculture, industry and services, and within agriculture through various subsidy measures, such as establishing communication platforms in various industries such as plantation, aquaculture, processing and retail, and establishing professional farmers. Cooperative organizations help farmers establish long-term production and marketing alliances with agricultural product circulation enterprises, develop order farming, enhance the competitiveness of small and medium-sized agricultural enterprises, and improve the overall competitiveness of agriculture. After the international financial crisis in 2008, the UK economy fell by 1.7% year-on-year, while the cooperative economy grew by 19.6%.
(2) Implement a financial subsidy policy. When the 19th century agricultural cooperative was established, the British government provided 120 pounds to support small farmers' cooperative organizations. Since then, government financial assistance has been paid in equal amounts based on the number of farmers who have joined the company. In the 1860s, the British government invested in the establishment of the Agricultural Sales and Development Committee to promote the development of small-scale agricultural cooperatives. In 1967, when the Agricultural Cooperative Federation was established separately, the British Parliament provided another £40 million as a development fund [3].
(3) A good legal environment. The good legal environment in the UK is conducive to the development of agricultural cooperatives. The willingness of farmers to set up and join cooperatives is very strong. They openly form a group of interest groups, and they will talk between various decision-making departments and policy makers, and seek the interests of members. In 1967, the British Parliament passed the Agricultural Law to support the development of cooperatives. In 1979, the British government passed the "Credit Cooperatives Act", which clearly defined the scope of investment of credit unions, taxation years, etc., and supported credit unions to play a role in financing agricultural funds and promote agricultural development. From the early agricultural cooperative sales service company to the current cooperative alliance, in the process of the continuous development of British cooperatives, there has always been a farmer alliance organization that guides farmers to organize cooperatives in law and business, and promotes the development of agricultural cooperatives.
(4) Strengthen farmer training. The British government pays attention to improving the scientific and technological quality of farmers and establishing a farmer training system. About 30% of farmers participate in various types of agricultural training activities each year, and preferential treatment is given to farmers who have obtained certificates. The government has strengthened agricultural vocational and technical education and has established and established detailed institutions and systems. In 1967, the United Kingdom enacted the "Agricultural Education Law", vigorously promoted training in agricultural technology and management, and combined university scientific research with agricultural research to form a multi-level education and training system. The improvement of the quality of farmers has effectively promoted the operation and rapid development of agricultural cooperatives.
3. New Zealand
The New Zealand Cooperative originated in the mid-19th century and is a basic form of agricultural management and development in New Zealand. New Zealand's farmers' cooperative organizations include farmers' associations, agricultural cooperatives, agricultural companies and agricultural associations. Among them, cooperatives and associations are two forms of organization that have a large number of developments and a large impact. At present, there are more than 100 cooperatives in New Zealand. The annual production value of cooperative members is S$19 billion (1 Singapore dollar is about 4.38 yuan), accounting for 19% of New Zealand's annual gross domestic product. There are various types of agricultural cooperatives, and they are highly specialized. Corresponding cooperatives have been established in different agricultural products and service fields, such as dairy cooperatives, rural trade cooperatives, rural insurance cooperatives and agricultural supply cooperatives. The advanced experience of the New Zealand Agricultural Cooperative has the following aspects.
(1) Large-scale operation. After years of normative development, the New Zealand Farmers' Cooperative Organization has continuously developed cooperatives through basic-level cooperation institutions, expanded the field of cooperative industries, formed scale effects, and enhanced industrial competitiveness. For example, in New Zealand Dairy Cooperatives, there were 35 in the country in 1990. By 1998, the number of mergers was reduced to 14 and by 2000 to 5, the five dairy cooperatives have actually become a cooperative. At present, Dairy Cooperatives controls all of New Zealand's dairy industry and 95% of dairy products for export. It is a country with a large export of dairy products in the world [4].
(2) Focus on agricultural education and training. New Zealand has a small population and relatively insufficient labor supply. Therefore, the New Zealand government attaches great importance to the vocational education and training of farmers. The government has promulgated a number of vocational skills training standards and systems as well as policies and regulations on agricultural labor. At the same time, it has joined agricultural cooperatives to encourage farmers to accept agricultural vocational education and improve the overall quality of the agricultural labor force. Through education and training, more people can understand and support cooperatives, popularize cooperative knowledge and professional knowledge among members, and promote the development of cooperatives.
(3) Legal support. The New Zealand government mainly regulates cooperative operations through laws. The Cooperatives Company Law, introduced in 1996, is a comprehensive cooperative law for cooperatives that guides the operation of cooperatives. There are also other cooperative regulations to supplement: the Industrial Cooperatives Act of 1908, the Building Cooperatives Act of 1965, and the Mutual Aid and Credit Association Act of 1982. These laws and regulations provide a powerful Legal guarantees have created good environmental conditions.
(4) Perfect organizational management mechanism. New Zealand's cooperatives and associations have sound boards, supervisory boards, and board of directors. The powers and responsibilities are clear. The cooperative organizations and their members have formed a correlation mechanism of benefits and risk sharing through the forms of shareholding, share dividends, share accumulation, and patronage rebates [5]. The clear management mechanism maintains the self-interest of the members and enhances the enthusiasm of the members to participate in the organization and management, thus promoting the cooperative and healthy development.
Enlightenment to China's Agricultural Cooperatives
China's agricultural cooperatives were established in the 1980s. After years of improvement and development, the scale of agricultural cooperative organizations has been continuously expanded, and the scope of cooperation has also expanded. Many types of cooperatives such as community share cooperation, land share cooperation and credit union have emerged. At the end of 2014, the number of Chinese farmers' professional cooperatives reached 1,288,800. However, there are still some problems in the development, such as imperfect systems, unsound institutions, low farmers' accession rate, and weak overall competitiveness, which hinders the further development of agricultural cooperative organizations. At present, China is in an important period of establishing a modern agricultural system. To further promote the development of farmers' cooperatives, it is necessary to learn from the experience of developed countries.
(1) Complete legal support. Cooperatives in Germany, the United Kingdom and New Zealand have complete laws and regulations and detailed contents. The government regulates cooperative operations through laws and strengthens self-development capabilities. Although China promulgated the Law on Farmers' Professional Cooperatives, it has made provisions for farmers' professional cooperatives. However, there are no specific regulations on regulating the behavior of farmers' cooperatives and protecting the basic rights and interests of members, and there are problems such as blurred borders and unclear attributes of cooperatives. Cooperative social laws and regulations should be continuously improved and corresponding supplementary policies should be formulated. Clarify the registered capital of the cooperative and the funding requirements of the members, and strengthen the cooperative financing and mutual fund assistance functions. Strengthen organizational governance, external audit system, and standardize cooperative supervision system.
(2) Increase financial support policies. At the beginning of the establishment of professional cooperatives in various countries, the government's financial support is needed. The establishment and improvement of financial incentives is the guarantee for the rapid development of professional cooperatives. At present, China has a shortage of funds for farmers' cooperatives and the lack of financial funds. It is necessary to increase the financial subsidies and support of professional cooperatives, provide tax incentives for discount loans, tax reduction and tax exemption, promote the cooperation and enthusiasm of professional cooperatives, and encourage the establishment and development of farmers' professional cooperatives. In addition, establish a multi-channel financing platform, vigorously develop farmers' cooperative financial organizations, improve the rural financial system, and provide financial discounts on professional loans of farmers' cooperatives.
(3) Enhance agricultural research capabilities. The professional quality of farmers and the level of agricultural science and technology directly determine the level of development of farmers' cooperatives. All countries pay great attention to the vocational education and training of farmers and the advancement of agricultural science and technology. On the one hand, it is necessary to vigorously develop agricultural vocational and technical schools and establish an agricultural education system based on medium and higher agricultural education and peasant vocational training. The agricultural sector cooperates with some vocational training institutions, entrusts social institutions to carry out education and training on modern agricultural technology, and improves the technical level of agricultural employees. On the other hand, the government should increase investment in agricultural research, give play to the positive role of agricultural research institutions, promote technological innovation, establish agricultural technology research and development and innovation platforms, and improve the scientific and technological content of agricultural products. Strengthen the training of new technicians of professional and technical personnel, establish a team of high-quality agricultural technicians, and improve the agricultural science and technology promotion system.
(4) Improve the level of agricultural socialization services. The scale development of cooperatives has a close relationship with rural socialized services. The level of rural socialized services directly determines the scale and level of cooperative development. The government should vigorously support professional service companies, establish production services such as arable land, irrigation, plant protection, harvesting, transportation, and promote socialized services for agricultural production. Promote rural financial institutions such as village banks, microfinance companies, rural mutual funds, rural leasing, and guarantee companies to improve the efficiency of financial services and enhance the supply of rural financial services. Improve the agricultural information collection and release system, reduce marketing expenses, implement a loose access policy, and develop modern circulation services for agricultural products. We will implement the system of claiming and purchasing and selling ledgers, and strengthen the construction of a quality and safety traceability system for agricultural products.
October 26, 2024