After the development of five five-year plans of the “Ninth Five-Year Plan” and “Tenth Five-Year Plan”, China has made great progress in cleaning cars, in terms of vehicle technology and infrastructure construction. The fastest-growing is the promotion of the 863 electric vehicle development, gas vehicles (including LPG and natural gas vehicles) and ethanol gasoline, organized by the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Science and Technology, and other alternative fuel vehicles such as methanol and The related research and development of methyl ether, coal-based vehicle fuels, and biomass fuels have also started and achieved phased scientific research results. In addition, the use of hydrogen energy, which is generally considered to be the representative of the future recycling economy, is also mentioned on the agenda.

one. Basic principles for the development planning of clean cars

1) Give full play to China’s resource advantages and reduce the international dependence on energy;

2) The principle of making full use of existing foundations and relatively mature technologies;

3) The principle of replacing oil energy and increasing energy efficiency;

4) The principle of step-by-step implementation of long-term planning;

two. Should focus on the development of clean cars and development planning

1. Gas Vehicles (Natural Gas and LPG)

At present, the country only focuses on the promotion of urban gas vehicles with more than 200,000 vehicles, and the vast majority are urban buses and taxis with long mileage and high utilization rate (16 city gas taxis account for 62.7 percent of total taxis). %, gas buses account for 51.2% of total buses. The network of gas filling stations has begun to take shape. 686 gas stations have been built (including 353 CNG refueling stations and 333 LPG refueling stations). In 2004, the cumulative consumption of vehicle LPG reached 302,000 tons, CNG consumption reached 920 million cubic meters, and 1.1 billion tons of fuel was replaced. The development of gas-fired vehicles already has the technical basis for vehicles, basic infrastructure for gas stations and fuel production and distribution, and standards and regulations and other legal safeguard systems. Therefore, it is recommended that gas-fired vehicles be promoted in technological advancement, industrialization, and promotion. The number of vehicles for gas vehicles reaches 100-150 vehicles, accounting for about 3 to 5% of the vehicle fleet. The energy substitution rate reaches or exceeds 10-15%.

1) Increase investment in infrastructure construction, form a gas station network, further improve gas engine technology, and promote the development of single fuel gas buses and taxis

The state should increase the construction of the gas station network, gas-fueled stations should reach 3000-5000, and a network of refueling stations with large cities as the center and major highways as the link should be formed in the country. 

Increase scientific research investment to further increase the fuel efficiency of gas engines to meet or exceed the level of similar fuel vehicles; the level of emissions will meet or exceed the level of similar fuel vehicles. We will vigorously promote the use of single-fuel urban buses and taxis to realize energy utilization and realize the efficient use of energy. 

2) Further expand the geographical coverage of the use of gas vehicles for public transportation, the number of vehicles, and increase the proportion of gas used by gas vehicles.

According to the state of resources, the number of cities to promote the use of cities will be further expanded, and the number of gas buses and taxis will be expanded. 

Promote the OEM of gas vehicles, ensure the quality and performance of vehicles, and introduce relevant incentive policies for the industrialization of gas vehicles and gas for vehicles, and increase the proportion of gas used by gas vehicles. 

3) Promote the development and industrialization of gas vehicles, vehicles, and special parts and components, and form mass production capacity.

At present, one of the factors restricting the development of domestic gas vehicles is that the automobile industry fails to provide the gas automobile products needed by the market, which has led many local gas vehicles to rely mainly on modification. Natural gas engines for large buses in cities such as Beijing and Shanghai rely mainly on imports. expensive.

☆ In accordance with the overall plan for the development of gas vehicles, encourage and support domestic automobile and internal combustion engine companies to develop and produce gas vehicles, not only providing domestic development needs, but also providing exports. Establish China's gas automobile industry base and gas vehicle engineering technology center.

☆ Support the development and production of gas automobile parts and components, and support the development and production of gas stations and storage and transportation equipment.

4) Promote the promotion and application of dual-use fuel private cars and commercial vehicles through technological progress and energy policies

After the gasification station network is basically formed, through the OEM of the gas vehicle, the vehicle quality and performance are ensured, and the relevant incentive policies such as gas vehicle purchase and gas price are promoted to promote the promotion and application of the dual-use fuel private car, thereby expanding the gas vehicle's Quantity and utilization. The rapid development of private cars and commercial vehicles, if they can actively use LPG and natural gas, will play a very positive role in the development of gas vehicles and the improvement of energy substitution rate.

5) Requiring relevant policies issued by the government

Gas station network direct investment and guidance policy

Encourage or force automobile manufacturers to directly develop and produce a certain percentage of gas vehicles, ensure the quality of gas vehicles, and increase energy conservation and environmental performance. 

Formulate consumption policies for gas vehicles and encourage users to purchase gas vehicles (for example, cars that meet current energy efficiency standards can enjoy the same preferential policies as fuel vehicles that meet the next stage standards);

Introduce preferential policies to ensure reasonable oil and gas price differences (for example, pricing policies for automobile gas prices; implementation of fuel tax, fuel gas tax relief policies, etc.)

2 Electric Vehicle and Hybrid Vehicle Technology

Electric vehicles have outstanding features such as energy saving, energy diversification, and environmental protection. They also have the advantages of complete electric energy network, convenient transportation, and low charging station construction costs, but due to energy density, charging time, and cycle life of energy storage components (batteries), etc. The technology has not yet been completely resolved and it is not appropriate to promote it in large areas at present. Nevertheless, electric vehicles have their own special markets and their technologies are relatively mature. Therefore, the promotion and application of electric vehicles within the scope of specific uses is an important way to achieve energy conservation and environmental protection for automobiles. Therefore, the state should introduce some targeted incentive policies. In order to promote the development and application of electric vehicles, the target amount of vehicles can be set to be about 0.5-1 of a thousandth of the total vehicle ownership, to solve some urban public transportation and private urban vehicles.

Hybrid vehicle technology has outstanding energy-saving effects. The technology is relatively mature, and it has been industrialized and commercialized internationally. In addition, hybrid technology has universal applicability to all vehicles powered by internal combustion engines and has the potential to achieve substantially more energy-saving results on the basis of any energy-saving technology. Therefore, the state should focus on supporting the development, industrialization, and application of hybrid technology. According to the degree of difficulty of the technology, it is recommended to independently research, develop, popularize, and apply hybrid power technology to urban buses and buses, and then apply hybrid power technology to cars using a combination of independent research and development and introduction of technology. It is recommended that the production of hybrid vehicles account for more than 5% of the total vehicle output. To this end, the state needs support in the following areas:

1) Development and industrialization of battery technology for electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles;

2) Development and industrialization of engine electrical control technology and motor control technology;

3) Development and industrialization of hybrid powertrain matching and dedicated driveline related technologies;

4) In the initial stage, give moderate incentives to hybrid vehicles.

3 ethanol gasoline

At present, the country has fully enforced ethanol fuel (E10) in four provinces. The promotion and application of ethanol gasoline is an effective measure to replace gasoline and diesel. All new gasoline motor vehicle products produced by automobile manufacturers should be able to meet the technical requirements for burning ethanol gasoline; 50% of vehicle gasoline consumed each year will be consumed through the promotion of the use of ethanol gasoline in mega cities where the vehicle ownership is relatively concentrated. The above is ethanol gasoline, which can replace 600-8 million tons of gasoline. According to the experience gained through experiments and demonstrations, the state should carry out the following tasks:

3) Increase investment in scientific research and industrialization to solve the problem of cheap production processes and sources of raw materials for automotive ethanol

Increase research investment and reduce the production cost of ethanol;

Carry out relevant research work, expand the production of non-grain raw materials to produce ethanol, solve the problems of ethanol raw materials, reduce production costs, and ensure the supply of ethanol gasoline;

4) Increase scientific research investment and solve relevant vehicle technologies such as the use of high proportion of ethanol gasoline to further increase the replacement rate;

5) Introduce relevant incentive policies to reduce the price of ethanol gasoline (The price of ethanol for unit calorific value is equivalent to gasoline);

6) Introduce relevant incentives or mandatory policies so that automobiles produced by automobile manufacturers can adapt to the technical requirements of burning ethanol gasoline and ensure vehicle performance, reliability and longevity.

4 Biodiesel

The application of biodiesel is a strategic measure to solve the environmental and energy problems. The use of China's vast barren mountain range to produce biodiesel raw materials is also conducive to the development of agricultural economy. It will focus on the investigation and planning of raw material resources, the development of large-scale production technologies, and the formulation of encouraging policies; the development of biodiesel production technologies and the development and industrialization of application technologies for related vehicles, the formulation of relevant technical standards, and the initiation of demonstration projects. In 2010, biodiesel production and sales will account for 1% of total diesel, which will lay the foundation for future mass production promotion.

5 Coal-based vehicle fuel

Coal resources account for more than 70% of China's total energy. It is very important to use coal energy efficiently and cleanly. The promotion and application of coal-based vehicle fuels can be carried out in a similar manner to that of ethanol gasoline, such as the use of low-methanol gasoline and dimethyl ether diesel. The state should initiate major engineering projects to solve the production process of coal-based vehicle fuels and related vehicle technologies that use coal-based fuels.

three. Should focus on strategic research of clean cars

1. Key technologies for electric vehicles

The research and development of key technologies for electric vehicles should focus on the following two research areas:

1) Improve the energy efficiency of electric vehicle power systems, such as improving motor efficiency, controller efficiency, drive train efficiency

2) Optimization of braking energy regeneration and vehicle braking system

3) Continuous research and development of key technologies for energy storage devices

2. Hydrogen power and vehicle technology

Hydrogen energy is currently the mainstream fuel that is widely viewed in the world. It is also an important support for the recycling economy. Strategic research and long-term planning of hydrogen and hydrogen energy economy should be carried out. In the field of transportation, the research and development of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles should be emphasized. At the same time, more attention should be paid to the research of key technologies and industrialization technologies of hydrogen fueled internal combustion engine vehicles that are more practical than fuel cell vehicles. The research and strategic choice of various efficient ways of using hydrogen energy will have very important significance.

3. Synthetic fuels, ether fuels and vehicle technology

The use of natural gas as a raw material for the production of synthetic fuels is an important means of replacing oil with oil and achieving energy diversification. Therefore, it is very important to study synthetic technology and vehicle engine technology.

The research on ether fuel and vehicle technology is also an important research direction. (Text / Kang Shaowu)

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January 23, 2024