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For a long time, jujube dried jujube in Jinghai County has always been a method of natural drying with one household. The drying time is long, the dust pollution is heavier, the appearance quality is poorer, and the general fruit rotting rate is 30? Lagging, and it is affected by environmental and climatic conditions during drying. For example, from late September to early October last year, more than 10 days of continuous rain, fresh dates can not be dried, rotten fruit rate as high as 80?, so that the jujube farmers suffered serious economic losses, but also greatly dampened the enthusiasm of jujube farmers operating jujube.
In view of these problems, the leaders and experts of the relevant departments of Jinghai County this year have, after extensive investigations and investigations, introduced the new technique of jujube drying—the jujube drying technology—and successfully demonstrated in Hexin Village, Xiqiaozhuang Town, on September 28 this year. .
This technology is a science and technology project research project that Professor Chen Jinping of Shaanxi Normal University hosted and successfully completed in 2000. Its outstanding advantages are: it can artificially control the dry conditions, and is not affected by adverse factors such as climate and the environment; large amount of dried dates, short drying time, low cost, significant value-added; less investment, quick results, and technology Easy to grasp; and the dried jujube weight percentage, good fruit rate, dry date commodity grade significantly improved. At present, the technology has been widely applied in the jujube production areas of 32 counties (cities) in Shaanxi, Shanxi, Gansu, Shandong, Xinjiang, Hebei, and Ningxia, and more than 10 red dates food processing companies, with remarkable results.
Second, the drying room construction is currently popularized and applied the most common is: II-type drying room, that is, two furnaces and a stove tempering temperature drying room. The structure of the drying room is a brick-concrete civil structure, rectangular, with a length of 6 meters, a width of 3.4 meters, and a height of 2.5 meters (both referring to the net inner diameter). The front and rear gables of the drying room were made of bricks on both sides, and the thickness was 37 cm. The roof was built into a flat-top type.
Specific construction should pay attention to the following aspects:
1, the choice of address: Drying place away from the origin of jujube, soil quality should be solid, open air, clean and sanitary.
2. Orientation: The long direction of the drying room should be perpendicular to the main wind direction of the dry season. The advantage is that it is convenient for the cold air to smoothly enter the drying room through the air intake window, which is favorable for ventilation and dehumidification, and accelerates the drying of the product; it is also convenient for the combustion of the fire and the opening and closing of the door without interference from the wind.
3, the design of heating equipment: including fire pits, gray ash pit, furnace, fire escape, main fire, wall fire, chimney and other 7 parts. The design principle is rapid heating, good insulation effect, full combustion of the fire, and low coal consumption.
4. Ventilation and dehumidification equipment design: Mainly include the intake window and the exhaust cylinder. The design principle is to have enough ventilation and drainage area so as to eliminate the humid air in the drying room, reduce the relative humidity, and accelerate the drying of the product in the shortest possible time through the circulation of hot and cold air.
5, the design of loading equipment: the main equipment for the drying rack and baking plate. The design principle is sturdy and durable, smart and lightweight, and draws materials locally.
6, other equipment; including doors, walkways, lighting, temperature and relative humidity measurement equipment.
Third, drying technology Drying technology is a comprehensive application of a series of technical operations. mainly include:
1. Harvest of fresh dates: First of all, according to the production capacity of the drying room, a planned harvesting should be implemented to avoid excessive harvesting and the rotten jujube phenomenon caused by processing failure. Second, it must establish a practical and feasible system to enable technical personnel to strictly operate according to technical requirements and implement post responsibility system.
2, the selection of fresh dates classification: can be combined with harvesting, first remove the dried branches and leaves, pick out the wind fruit, pests and diseases, broken fruit, and then by species, size, maturity level.
3, fresh jujube cleaning: taking into account the convenient operation, low cost and other factors, can be used to clean 2 times tap water is appropriate. Remove dust, dirt, some pesticide residues, and some harmful microorganisms on the skin of jujube fruit as much as possible.
4. Polishing treatment: 0.05% of the polishing solution can be used to clean the fresh dates, so that the jujube skin is more clean, red and bright, no oil, no smell.
5, jujube: the amount of jujube per square meter baking tray, due to different varieties. Generally about 7.5 kg, and the thickness of the jujube is preferably 2 layers. Small fruit varieties such as gold jujube can increase the amount of jujube.
6, warming: jujube drying using parabolic heating technology. The drying process is divided into three stages: preheating, evaporation, and drying. The key to the technology is to do a good job of regulating the temperature and humidity in the drying room.
7, date: the degree of jujube drying can be flexible according to the climate conditions at that time, in case of continuous rainy weather, the jujube can be dried once to dry; but if the weather is sunny when cloudy, you can bake jujube fruit to seven, 80% dry, then focus on sunny weather for drying.
8, soft temporary storage: For freshly dried dates, to immediately ventilated heat, the time takes about 2 to 3 days to prevent fluffy flesh, accumulated temperature fermentation acid. After 15 to 20 days of stacking, the pulp will have a balance of moisture inside and outside, and the texture will be soft, ensuring the quality of dried dates. Finally, scientifically grading, packaging, and storage of dried dates are completed.
IV. Prospects and prospects Jujube drying technology is a basic technology for the sustainable development of the jujube industry. The technology not only compensates for the backwardness of the jujube fruit processing technology in Jinghai County, but also effectively overcomes the shortcomings of natural labor, time-consuming, heavy pollution, large amount of rotten fruit, and heavy economic losses, and ensures the high yield of jujube farmers. The harvest has opened up a new way for the juvenile farmers to increase their income, and because of the safety and health of the dried dates, the quality is superior, which has been welcomed by the domestic and foreign markets, greatly increasing the value of domestic exports and foreign exchange earned through exports of dried dates. Enter the international market and make great contributions. Therefore, at present, the technology has been greatly promoted and applied, and the prospects are very promising.
I. Drying Status The date industry is the leading industry of fruit trees in Jinghai County. According to the statistics of the end of 2007, the jujube planting area in the county is 230,000 mu, and the annual output is 45 million kg. Most of them (67%) are used for dried jujube and the output reaches 30 million kg.
November 13, 2023